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Answer You - History of the Computer: It's a Binary World - How Computers Count
It's a large real estate agency, and the company depends on a steady stream of leads. The website is classy, with delightful graphic elements and layout. There is well-written copy, designed to both entice the reader and search engine spiders. The website was obviously done by a professional and probably cost a bit of money.Only the website missing something -- an easily found address and phone number!While researching realtor websites a few months, we came across a suprisingly large number of real estate websites where the contact information was buried. Some websites put their contact information on a Contact or About Us page. Even w
TRANSISTORS [OFF OFF ON] [ON OFF ON] [ON ON ON ON]
BINARY...... 001 101 1111
DECIMAL..... 1, 5, 15
Another point to note is that each binary digit, or bit, has a value. Just as in Decimal we have units, tens, hundreds, etc. in Binary the values are 1,2,4,8,16,32,64,128 etc. etc. The binary code 1111 mentioned above is thus 1+2+4+8=15. what would BINARY 1010 be in decimal?
BIT VALUE 8 4 2 1
BINARY.... 1 0 1 0
DECIMAL... 8+2=10
If you wanted to work out what binary 100101100 was in decimal, you could add up the individual values. In fact people who work on the basic machines need to know "machine code"! To them 1010 would be A in Hexadecimal or 12 in octal.
One of the reasons for using the octal or hexadecimal code is to enable humans to interpret
What comes to your mind when you hear the word leverage? For most people it means borrowing money or taking in investors. The term has even been popularized to the degree that it is often referred to by initials -- OPM -- other people's money.Yes, that is the most common definition and certainly one everybody understands. Using other people's money is also something most successful entrepreneurs practice. They understand how much more they can do if they can hold onto their own money and spread it wisely over several opportunities or keep it for those situations that require immediate cash. Smart entrepreneurs also know that if they have the credent
You get to the checkout at the market, and the item you bought 'on special' comes up at the full price. The manager has to be called to fix it up, and what does he say? "We've been having problems with the computer, it gets the wrong price on some things."
You put in a list of addressess to your Word processor, and print off party invitations for next week. Then you find that today's date has been inserted in the signature block - by the computer!
Maybe you have heard the expression 'Garbage in Garbage out"? Someone, at some point instructed the computer to do what it did, It didn't decide to screw you up deliberately. Computers can only do what they are told, they are more logical than Spock and they take everything literally.
We are going to look at why they are so pedantic!
The world around us has many aspects which work in the same way as a computer. There are many examples of opposites, for instance Up and Down, Left and Right, Forwards and Backwards. A light may be On or Off, maybe it's Night or Day. Yes or No? You can think of many others. This system of two possible states is called a Binary System. If it's not one, it must be the other.
A computer uses the Binary System to perform all its functions, the basic unit, originally a vacuum tube, then a transistor, then a chip, is used thousands of times over to make the total unit. The light being On or Off which we mentioned above is controlled by a switch. In the computer this switch is a transistor, which is either On or Off.
Now we get to the Math! Don't worry, it's very simple Math! In fact it's so simple we only count up to 1. That's right, we can only have two states so we count from 0 to 1. (That's another thing computers are pedantic about, they insist on starting at zero).
The Binary system is a Number System. You are familiar with the Decimal system which has 10 numerals 0 to 9 (think like a computer 0 comes first). You can make up all sorts of number systems for whatever purpose you want. You probably know about a dozen (12) and have also heard of a half dozen. If you've used your computer much you may have come across the Hexadecimal system. This one has 16 'numerals' 0-9and A-F. Another number system used by computer people is the Octal system which has 8 numerals, 0-7.
Ok so how do we count with only 0 and 1. Simple, in exactly the same way you count in decimal. The first ten numbers are OK, 0-9, but what next? We start again but add in a 1 making 10 or "one, zero". This gets us to "one, nine" and we go to "two, zero", and so on up to "nine, nine" then we again add a 1 to make 100 - "one, zero, zero."
DECIMAL 0-9, 10-19, 20-.....-99, 100.
If you've followed me so far you are ready for the Binary sequence, it's much simpler. Starting off at zero we have 0,1 - and that's it. We follow the same rule and add in a 1, making "one,zero". Next come "one, one"; then "one, zero, zero"; -"one, zero, one"; etc. These are equivalent to Decimal 0,1,2,3,4,5. How does this relate to computers? That's next.
BINARY - 0 1 10 11 100 101
DECIMAL- 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
In our computer we have transistor switches, as described above. For the math example we just looked at, we need 3 switches. These each represent a Binary Digit, or Bit. To represent a Decimal 1, these switches would be OFF,OFF,ON or 001. For a Decimal 5 we would have ON,OFF,ON, or 101. By extension you can see that with 4 switches we could go to 1111 or 15 Decimal.
TRANSISTORS [OFF OFF ON] [ON OFF ON] [ON ON ON ON]
BINARY...... 001 101 1111
DECIMAL..... 1, 5, 15
Another point to note is that each binary digit, or bit, has a value. Just as in Decimal we have units, tens, hundreds, etc. in Binary the values are 1,2,4,8,16,32,64,128 etc. etc. The binary code 1111 mentioned above is thus 1+2+4+8=15. what would BINARY 1010 be in decimal?
BIT VALUE 8 4 2 1
BINARY.... 1 0 1 0
DECIMAL... 8+2=10
If you wanted to work out what binary 100101100 was in decimal, you could add up the individual values. In fact people who work on the basic machines need to know "machine code"! To them 1010 would be A in Hexadecimal or 12 in octal.
One of the reasons for using the octal or hexadecimal code is to enable humans to interpret
There are a few trading rules that have stood the test of time and enable traders to trade profitably, yet a lot of people fail to follow them. The rules are no secret to anyone as you will find them in many trading books and other materials. The rules like ‘cut your losses’ and ‘follow the trend’ have worked for hundreds of years yet most people ignore them!Money is something that affects people’s emotions and your natural instincts with money will often encourage you to break some of the time tested risk management rules, for example ‘cutting your losses’ and ‘keeping your trades small’. Most traders focus on making money and realising a loss g
The world around us has many aspects which work in the same way as a computer. There are many examples of opposites, for instance Up and Down, Left and Right, Forwards and Backwards. A light may be On or Off, maybe it's Night or Day. Yes or No? You can think of many others. This system of two possible states is called a Binary System. If it's not one, it must be the other.
A computer uses the Binary System to perform all its functions, the basic unit, originally a vacuum tube, then a transistor, then a chip, is used thousands of times over to make the total unit. The light being On or Off which we mentioned above is controlled by a switch. In the computer this switch is a transistor, which is either On or Off.
Now we get to the Math! Don't worry, it's very simple Math! In fact it's so simple we only count up to 1. That's right, we can only have two states so we count from 0 to 1. (That's another thing computers are pedantic about, they insist on starting at zero).
The Binary system is a Number System. You are familiar with the Decimal system which has 10 numerals 0 to 9 (think like a computer 0 comes first). You can make up all sorts of number systems for whatever purpose you want. You probably know about a dozen (12) and have also heard of a half dozen. If you've used your computer much you may have come across the Hexadecimal system. This one has 16 'numerals' 0-9and A-F. Another number system used by computer people is the Octal system which has 8 numerals, 0-7.
Ok so how do we count with only 0 and 1. Simple, in exactly the same way you count in decimal. The first ten numbers are OK, 0-9, but what next? We start again but add in a 1 making 10 or "one, zero". This gets us to "one, nine" and we go to "two, zero", and so on up to "nine, nine" then we again add a 1 to make 100 - "one, zero, zero."
DECIMAL 0-9, 10-19, 20-.....-99, 100.
If you've followed me so far you are ready for the Binary sequence, it's much simpler. Starting off at zero we have 0,1 - and that's it. We follow the same rule and add in a 1, making "one,zero". Next come "one, one"; then "one, zero, zero"; -"one, zero, one"; etc. These are equivalent to Decimal 0,1,2,3,4,5. How does this relate to computers? That's next.
BINARY - 0 1 10 11 100 101
DECIMAL- 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
In our computer we have transistor switches, as described above. For the math example we just looked at, we need 3 switches. These each represent a Binary Digit, or Bit. To represent a Decimal 1, these switches would be OFF,OFF,ON or 001. For a Decimal 5 we would have ON,OFF,ON, or 101. By extension you can see that with 4 switches we could go to 1111 or 15 Decimal.
TRANSISTORS [OFF OFF ON] [ON OFF ON] [ON ON ON ON]
BINARY...... 001 101 1111
DECIMAL..... 1, 5, 15
Another point to note is that each binary digit, or bit, has a value. Just as in Decimal we have units, tens, hundreds, etc. in Binary the values are 1,2,4,8,16,32,64,128 etc. etc. The binary code 1111 mentioned above is thus 1+2+4+8=15. what would BINARY 1010 be in decimal?
BIT VALUE 8 4 2 1
BINARY.... 1 0 1 0
DECIMAL... 8+2=10
If you wanted to work out what binary 100101100 was in decimal, you could add up the individual values. In fact people who work on the basic machines need to know "machine code"! To them 1010 would be A in Hexadecimal or 12 in octal.
One of the reasons for using the octal or hexadecimal code is to enable humans to interpret
Anyone involved in high value capital sales, such as enterprise software, will know life can be a roller coaster. One day everyone is on a high as a major deal is secured. Another day everyone is distraught when after many months of work, it comes to nothing. Losing out to another vendor is an accepted part of the game. More annoying is the situation where you have been told you are the preferred supplier - and after all the euphoria, nothing happens. Typically any enquiry reveals that the proposal is "still with the board", or "has been put back until next quarter". The reality is that it’s a dodo; kicked out because the project team failed t
The Binary system is a Number System. You are familiar with the Decimal system which has 10 numerals 0 to 9 (think like a computer 0 comes first). You can make up all sorts of number systems for whatever purpose you want. You probably know about a dozen (12) and have also heard of a half dozen. If you've used your computer much you may have come across the Hexadecimal system. This one has 16 'numerals' 0-9and A-F. Another number system used by computer people is the Octal system which has 8 numerals, 0-7.
Ok so how do we count with only 0 and 1. Simple, in exactly the same way you count in decimal. The first ten numbers are OK, 0-9, but what next? We start again but add in a 1 making 10 or "one, zero". This gets us to "one, nine" and we go to "two, zero", and so on up to "nine, nine" then we again add a 1 to make 100 - "one, zero, zero."
DECIMAL 0-9, 10-19, 20-.....-99, 100.
If you've followed me so far you are ready for the Binary sequence, it's much simpler. Starting off at zero we have 0,1 - and that's it. We follow the same rule and add in a 1, making "one,zero". Next come "one, one"; then "one, zero, zero"; -"one, zero, one"; etc. These are equivalent to Decimal 0,1,2,3,4,5. How does this relate to computers? That's next.
BINARY - 0 1 10 11 100 101
DECIMAL- 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
In our computer we have transistor switches, as described above. For the math example we just looked at, we need 3 switches. These each represent a Binary Digit, or Bit. To represent a Decimal 1, these switches would be OFF,OFF,ON or 001. For a Decimal 5 we would have ON,OFF,ON, or 101. By extension you can see that with 4 switches we could go to 1111 or 15 Decimal.
TRANSISTORS [OFF OFF ON] [ON OFF ON] [ON ON ON ON]
BINARY...... 001 101 1111
DECIMAL..... 1, 5, 15
Another point to note is that each binary digit, or bit, has a value. Just as in Decimal we have units, tens, hundreds, etc. in Binary the values are 1,2,4,8,16,32,64,128 etc. etc. The binary code 1111 mentioned above is thus 1+2+4+8=15. what would BINARY 1010 be in decimal?
BIT VALUE 8 4 2 1
BINARY.... 1 0 1 0
DECIMAL... 8+2=10
If you wanted to work out what binary 100101100 was in decimal, you could add up the individual values. In fact people who work on the basic machines need to know "machine code"! To them 1010 would be A in Hexadecimal or 12 in octal.
One of the reasons for using the octal or hexadecimal code is to enable humans to interpret
Government contracts are not as unattainable as the paperwork makes them seem. Once you learn the system, they can be an excellent source of revenue for your business - even when the economy takes a dip and business is harder to come by.Federal, state, and municipal agencies routinely contract for outside support. They have to; the requirements for all of the services they provide far exceed the internal structure of most government agencies.The key to winning a government contract at any level is knowing the system - the specific system that an agency requires you to follow. Don't let the red tape intimidate you. Once you clear the initial h
DECIMAL 0-9, 10-19, 20-.....-99, 100.
If you've followed me so far you are ready for the Binary sequence, it's much simpler. Starting off at zero we have 0,1 - and that's it. We follow the same rule and add in a 1, making "one,zero". Next come "one, one"; then "one, zero, zero"; -"one, zero, one"; etc. These are equivalent to Decimal 0,1,2,3,4,5. How does this relate to computers? That's next.
BINARY - 0 1 10 11 100 101
DECIMAL- 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
In our computer we have transistor switches, as described above. For the math example we just looked at, we need 3 switches. These each represent a Binary Digit, or Bit. To represent a Decimal 1, these switches would be OFF,OFF,ON or 001. For a Decimal 5 we would have ON,OFF,ON, or 101. By extension you can see that with 4 switches we could go to 1111 or 15 Decimal.
TRANSISTORS [OFF OFF ON] [ON OFF ON] [ON ON ON ON]
BINARY...... 001 101 1111
DECIMAL..... 1, 5, 15
Another point to note is that each binary digit, or bit, has a value. Just as in Decimal we have units, tens, hundreds, etc. in Binary the values are 1,2,4,8,16,32,64,128 etc. etc. The binary code 1111 mentioned above is thus 1+2+4+8=15. what would BINARY 1010 be in decimal?
BIT VALUE 8 4 2 1
BINARY.... 1 0 1 0
DECIMAL... 8+2=10
If you wanted to work out what binary 100101100 was in decimal, you could add up the individual values. In fact people who work on the basic machines need to know "machine code"! To them 1010 would be A in Hexadecimal or 12 in octal.
One of the reasons for using the octal or hexadecimal code is to enable humans to interpret
People generally have a tendency to spend more than what they earn. This tendency to overspend has become very common in the UK. Rise in consumerism and an urge to have a better standard of living have contributed to overspending. When you require more money than what you earn, you have to go for a loan. To cater to your needs, lenders offer a variety of personal loans. They offer a wide range of personal loan amounts and loan periods. The rates of interest vary according to the borrowers’ credit score and repayment ability.Borrowers with a bad credit score have to pay higher rates of interest than other borrowers. This is due to the fact that lende
TRANSISTORS [OFF OFF ON] [ON OFF ON] [ON ON ON ON]
BINARY...... 001 101 1111
DECIMAL..... 1, 5, 15
Another point to note is that each binary digit, or bit, has a value. Just as in Decimal we have units, tens, hundreds, etc. in Binary the values are 1,2,4,8,16,32,64,128 etc. etc. The binary code 1111 mentioned above is thus 1+2+4+8=15. what would BINARY 1010 be in decimal?
BIT VALUE 8 4 2 1
BINARY.... 1 0 1 0
DECIMAL... 8+2=10
If you wanted to work out what binary 100101100 was in decimal, you could add up the individual values. In fact people who work on the basic machines need to know "machine code"! To them 1010 would be A in Hexadecimal or 12 in octal.
One of the reasons for using the octal or hexadecimal code is to enable humans to interpret machine codes. Some mainframe computers use 'words' composed of 24, 32, 36 or 72 bits. These are displayed or printed in groups of three for octal, or four for hexadecimal. For example the 24 bit binary word in a computer may be interpreted as shown here.
BINARY 100 111 000 011 010 000 011 100
OCTAL.. 4 7 0 3 2 0 3 4
BINARY 1001 1100 0011 0100 0001 1100
HEX.... 9 D 3 4 1 D
This probably seems a very long-winded way to work out numbers, until you remember that these 'switches' can operate at nanosecond speed, in the order of 1,000,000,000 times per second, large calculations become possible.
Thats probably enough to digest in one go. Next we will look at how a computer adds and multiplies.
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